MA-E3xx には標準で下記のスクリプト言語を導入してあります。
オープンソースの Web Application では、PHP で書かれたものが多くありますので、
PHP を導入したいということも多いと思います。
nginx と一緒に導入されることの多い PHP5-fpm をインストールする方法を紹介します。
Ubuntu の apt-get により、php5-fpm をインストールします。
user1@plum:~$ sudo apt-get update Ign http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty InRelease Ign http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty InRelease Ign http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-updates InRelease Get:1 http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty Release.gpg [316 B] Ign http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-security InRelease Get:2 http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty Release [14.0 kB] Get:3 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty Release.gpg [933 B] Get:4 http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main armhf Packages [1328 B] Get:5 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-updates Release.gpg [933 B] Get:6 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-security Release.gpg [933 B] Get:7 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty Release [58.5 kB] Get:8 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-updates Release [58.5 kB] Ign http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main Translation-en Get:9 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-security Release [58.5 kB] Get:10 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty/main armhf Packages [1295 kB] Get:11 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted armhf Packages [14 B] Get:12 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty/universe armhf Packages [5710 kB] Get:13 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en [762 kB] Get:14 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-en [3457 B] Get:15 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-en [4089 kB] Get:16 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main armhf Packages [212 kB] Get:17 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted armhf Packages [14 B] Get:18 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe armhf Packages [153 kB] Get:19 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Translation-en [99.5 kB] Get:20 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Translation-en [14 B] Get:21 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Translation-en [75.1 kB] Get:22 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main armhf Packages [103 kB] Get:23 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted armhf Packages [14 B] Get:24 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe armhf Packages [36.4 kB] Get:25 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Translation-en [50.2 kB] Get:26 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Translation-en [14 B] Get:27 http://ports.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Translation-en [20.1 kB] Fetched 12.8 MB in 45s (280 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done
user1@plum:~$ sudo apt-cache search php5-fpm php5-fpm - server-side, HTML-embedded scripting language (FPM-CGI binary)
user1@plum:~$ sudo apt-get install php5-fpm Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following extra packages will be installed: libsystemd-daemon0 lsof php5-common php5-json psmisc Suggested packages: php5-user-cache php-pear The following NEW packages will be installed: libsystemd-daemon0 lsof php5-common php5-fpm php5-json psmisc 0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 2 not upgraded. Need to get 2698 kB of archives. After this operation, 8742 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y Get:1 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ trusty-updates/main libsystemd-daemon0 armhf 204-5ubuntu20.3 [9040 B] Get:2 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ trusty/main psmisc armhf 22.20-1ubuntu2 [50.3 kB] Get:3 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ trusty/main lsof armhf 4.86+dfsg-1ubuntu2 [253 kB] Get:4 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ trusty/main php5-json armhf 1.3.2-2build1 [30.8 kB] Get:5 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ trusty-updates/main php5-common armhf 5.5.9+dfsg-1ubuntu4.3 [431 kB] Get:6 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ trusty-updates/universe php5-fpm armhf 5.5.9+dfsg-1ubuntu4.3 [1924 kB] Fetched 2698 kB in 6s (444 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package libsystemd-daemon0:armhf. (Reading database ... 18215 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../libsystemd-daemon0_204-5ubuntu20.3_armhf.deb ... Unpacking libsystemd-daemon0:armhf (204-5ubuntu20.3) ... Selecting previously unselected package psmisc. Preparing to unpack .../psmisc_22.20-1ubuntu2_armhf.deb ... Unpacking psmisc (22.20-1ubuntu2) ... Selecting previously unselected package lsof. Preparing to unpack .../lsof_4.86+dfsg-1ubuntu2_armhf.deb ... Unpacking lsof (4.86+dfsg-1ubuntu2) ... Selecting previously unselected package php5-json. Preparing to unpack .../php5-json_1.3.2-2build1_armhf.deb ... Unpacking php5-json (1.3.2-2build1) ... Selecting previously unselected package php5-common. Preparing to unpack .../php5-common_5.5.9+dfsg-1ubuntu4.3_armhf.deb ... Unpacking php5-common (5.5.9+dfsg-1ubuntu4.3) ... Selecting previously unselected package php5-fpm. Preparing to unpack .../php5-fpm_5.5.9+dfsg-1ubuntu4.3_armhf.deb ... Unpacking php5-fpm (5.5.9+dfsg-1ubuntu4.3) ... Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ... Setting up libsystemd-daemon0:armhf (204-5ubuntu20.3) ... Setting up psmisc (22.20-1ubuntu2) ... Setting up lsof (4.86+dfsg-1ubuntu2) ... Setting up php5-common (5.5.9+dfsg-1ubuntu4.3) ... Creating config file /etc/php5/mods-available/pdo.ini with new version php5_invoke: Enable module pdo for fpm SAPI Creating config file /etc/php5/mods-available/opcache.ini with new version php5_invoke: Enable module opcache for fpm SAPI Setting up php5-fpm (5.5.9+dfsg-1ubuntu4.3) ... Creating config file /etc/php5/fpm/php.ini with new version php5_invoke opcache: already enabled for fpm SAPI php5_invoke pdo: already enabled for fpm SAPI php5-fpm start/running, process 1888 Setting up php5-json (1.3.2-2build1) ... php5_invoke: Enable module json for fpm SAPI Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6) ... Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ... localepurge: Disk space freed in /usr/share/locale: 0 KiB localepurge: Disk space freed in /usr/share/man: 0 KiB Total disk space freed by localepurge: 0 KiB user1@plum:~$
起動しているか確認してみます。
user1@plum:~$ ps ax|grep php 1888 ? Ss 0:00 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php5/fpm/php-fpm.conf) 1890 ? S 0:00 php-fpm: pool www 1891 ? S 0:00 php-fpm: pool www 1989 pts/1 S+ 0:00 grep --color=auto php user1@plum:~$
起動が確認できました。
PHPスクリプトへのリクエストを php-fpm へ転送するよう、nginx の設定を変更します。
user1@plum:~$ sudo nano -w /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
php5-fpm の設定部分のコメントを外します。
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
# # NOTE: You should have "cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0;" in php.ini
#
# # With php5-cgi alone:
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# With php5-fpm:
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi_params;
}
indexディレクティブに “index.php” を追加しておきます。
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server ipv6only=on;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
...
CPUコア数は 1 つなので、/etc/nginx/nginx.conf の設定も変更しておきます。
worker_processes を 2 にします。
user1@plum:~$ sudo nano -w /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user www-data;
worker_processes 2;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 768;
# multi_accept on;
...
これで必要最小限の設定は完了です。変更した設定を反映させるため、nginx を再起動させます。
user1@plum:~$ sudo service nginx restart * Restarting nginx nginx [ OK ] user1@plum:~$
デフォルトの設定では、nginx の root ディレクティブは “/usr/share/nginx/html” に設定されているため、
簡単な PHP スクリプトを /usr/share/nginx/html/phptest.php として作成します。
user1@plum:~$ cd /usr/share/nginx/html/ user1@plum:/usr/share/nginx/html$ ls -l total 2 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 537 Mar 4 20:46 50x.html -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 612 Mar 4 20:46 index.html
user1@plum:/usr/share/nginx/html$ sudo nano -w phptest.php
<?php echo "Hello, PHP!\n"; ?>
curl コマンドで、上で作成したスクリプトの URL にアクセスしてみます。
% curl -v http://192.168.253.47/phptest.php * About to connect() to 192.168.253.47 port 80 (#0) * Trying 192.168.253.47... * Adding handle: conn: 0x754a40 * Adding handle: send: 0 * Adding handle: recv: 0 * Curl_addHandleToPipeline: length: 1 * - Conn 0 (0x754a40) send_pipe: 1, recv_pipe: 0 * Connected to 192.168.253.47 (192.168.253.47) port 80 (#0) > GET /phptest.php HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.32.0 > Host: 192.168.253.47 > Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK * Server nginx/1.4.6 (Ubuntu) is not blacklisted < Server: nginx/1.4.6 (Ubuntu) < Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 04:52:07 GMT < Content-Type: text/html < Transfer-Encoding: chunked < Connection: keep-alive < X-Powered-By: PHP/5.5.9-1ubuntu4.3 < Hello, PHP! * Connection #0 to host 192.168.253.47 left intact
動作が確認できました。
デフォルト設定のままですと、毎回 PHP スクリプトが実行されてしまい、PC サーバと比較すると処理能力が劣る MA-E3xx には
荷が重いことがあります。
チューニングをするまえに、Apache Bench で性能を測定してみます。
リクエスト数(-n)は 1000、並列数(-c)は 10,50,100 で行ってみます。
Server Software: nginx/1.4.6
Server Hostname: 192.168.253.48
Server Port: 80
Document Path: /phptest.php
Document Length: 12 bytes
Concurrency Level: 10
Time taken for tests: 2.702 seconds
Complete requests: 1000
Failed requests: 0
Write errors: 0
Total transferred: 178000 bytes
HTML transferred: 12000 bytes
Requests per second: 370.13 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 27.018 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 2.702 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 64.34 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 0 0.1 0 1
Processing: 8 27 3.5 26 48
Waiting: 8 26 3.4 26 48
Total: 9 27 3.4 27 48
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 27
66% 27
75% 28
80% 28
90% 28
95% 29
98% 41
99% 46
100% 48 (longest request)
Server Software: nginx/1.4.6
Server Hostname: 192.168.253.48
Server Port: 80
Document Path: /phptest.php
Document Length: 12 bytes
Concurrency Level: 50
Time taken for tests: 2.669 seconds
Complete requests: 1000
Failed requests: 0
Write errors: 0
Total transferred: 178000 bytes
HTML transferred: 12000 bytes
Requests per second: 374.64 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 133.461 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 2.669 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 65.12 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 0 0.4 0 3
Processing: 16 130 16.6 133 157
Waiting: 16 130 16.6 133 157
Total: 19 131 16.2 133 157
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 133
66% 134
75% 135
80% 135
90% 137
95% 151
98% 154
99% 155
100% 157 (longest request)
Server Software: nginx/1.4.6
Server Hostname: 192.168.253.48
Server Port: 80
Document Path: /phptest.php
Document Length: 12 bytes
Concurrency Level: 100
Time taken for tests: 2.670 seconds
Complete requests: 1000
Failed requests: 0
Write errors: 0
Total transferred: 178000 bytes
HTML transferred: 12000 bytes
Requests per second: 374.50 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 267.020 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 2.670 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 65.10 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 1 0.9 0 5
Processing: 22 255 47.5 267 491
Waiting: 22 255 47.5 266 491
Total: 24 255 47.1 267 496
WARNING: The median and mean for the initial connection time are not within a normal deviation
These results are probably not that reliable.
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 267
66% 268
75% 268
80% 269
90% 275
95% 280
98% 286
99% 303
100% 496 (longest request)
PHPの負荷を下げるため、nginx の FastCGIModule の Cache 機能を使用してみます。
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf に、caching の設定を追加します。
user1@plum:~$ sudo nano -w /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
#passenger_root /usr;
#passenger_ruby /usr/bin/ruby;
##
# Fastcgi_cache Settings
##
fastcgi_cache_path /var/run/nginx-cache levels=1 keys_zone=PHP:4m inactive=7d max_size=50m;
fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";
fastcgi_cache_use_stale error timeout invalid_header http_500;
##
# Virtual Host Configs
##
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}
/etc/nginx/site-enabled/default も編集します。
user1@plum:~$ sudo nano -w /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
# # NOTE: You should have "cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0;" in php.ini
#
# # With php5-cgi alone:
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# With php5-fpm:
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi_params;
# fastcgi cache
fastcgi_cache PHP;
fastcgi_cache_valid 200 1d;
fastcgi_cache_valid any 10d;
}
※ 注意
この設定では、すべてのリクエストをキャシュしてしまいます。
WordPress などを利用する場合、URL によってキャッシュをバイパスするように設定を行う必要があります。
設定ができたら、変更を反映するため nginx を再起動します。
user1@plum:~$ sudo service nginx restart * Restarting nginx nginx [ OK ] user1@plum:~$
設定ができたかどうかは、キャッシュディレクトリが作られているかどうかで確認できます。
user1@plum:~$ ls -l /var/run/ | grep nginx drwx------ 2 www-data root 40 Jul 14 15:26 nginx-cache <---- キャッシュディレクトリ -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 14 15:26 nginx.pid user1@plum:~$
デフォルト設定と同様のベンチマークを行ってみます。
Server Software: nginx/1.4.6
Server Hostname: 192.168.253.47
Server Port: 80
Document Path: /phptest.php
Document Length: 12 bytes
Concurrency Level: 10
Time taken for tests: 1.176 seconds
Complete requests: 1000
Failed requests: 0
Write errors: 0
Total transferred: 178000 bytes
HTML transferred: 12000 bytes
Requests per second: 850.24 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 11.761 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 1.176 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 147.80 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 0 0.1 0 3
Processing: 7 11 1.0 11 18
Waiting: 6 11 1.0 11 18
Total: 7 12 1.0 12 19
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 12
66% 12
75% 12
80% 12
90% 12
95% 13
98% 14
99% 16
100% 19 (longest request)
Server Software: nginx/1.4.6
Server Hostname: 192.168.253.47
Server Port: 80
Document Path: /phptest.php
Document Length: 12 bytes
Concurrency Level: 50
Time taken for tests: 1.195 seconds
Complete requests: 1000
Failed requests: 0
Write errors: 0
Total transferred: 178000 bytes
HTML transferred: 12000 bytes
Requests per second: 837.03 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 59.735 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 1.195 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 145.50 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 0 0.4 0 3
Processing: 6 58 8.3 59 78
Waiting: 6 58 8.3 59 78
Total: 9 59 8.0 59 79
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 59
66% 60
75% 60
80% 60
90% 62
95% 70
98% 78
99% 78
100% 79 (longest request)
Server Software: nginx/1.4.6
Server Hostname: 192.168.253.47
Server Port: 80
Document Path: /phptest.php
Document Length: 12 bytes
Concurrency Level: 100
Time taken for tests: 1.164 seconds
Complete requests: 1000
Failed requests: 0
Write errors: 0
Total transferred: 178000 bytes
HTML transferred: 12000 bytes
Requests per second: 859.36 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 116.365 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 1.164 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 149.38 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 1 1.0 0 6
Processing: 11 112 45.6 118 326
Waiting: 11 112 45.6 118 326
Total: 13 113 46.2 119 332
WARNING: The median and mean for the initial connection time are not within a normal deviation
These results are probably not that reliable.
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 119
66% 120
75% 121
80% 121
90% 123
95% 129
98% 304
99% 321
100% 332 (longest request)
FastCGI Cacheを導入したことで、性能が改善することがわかりました。
| ab 並列数 | Requests per second | |
|---|---|---|
| Default | FastCGI Cache | |
| 10 | 370.13 | 850.24 |
| 50 | 374.64 | 837.03 |
| 100 | 374.50 | 859.36 |